Simplest Formula From Percent Composition

Simplest Formula From Percent Composition This is a worked example chemistry problem to calculate the simplest formula from the percent composition. Simplest Formula from Percent Composition Problem Vitamin C contains three elements: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Analysis of pure vitamin C indicates that the elements are present in the following mass percentages: C 40.9H 4.58O 54.5 Use the data to determine the simplest formula for vitamin C. Solution We want to find the number of moles of each element in order to determine the ratios of the elements and the formula. To make the calculation easy (i.e., let the percentages convert directly to grams), lets assume we have 100 g of vitamin C. If you are given mass percentages, always work with a hypothetical 100-gram sample. In a 100 gram sample, there are 40.9 g C, 4.58 g H, and 54.5 g O. Now, look up the atomic masses for the elements from the Periodic Table. The atomic masses are found to be: H is 1.01C is 12.01O is 16.00 The atomic masses provide a moles-per-gram conversion factor. Using the conversion factor, we can calculate the moles of each element: moles C 40.9 g C x 1 mol C / 12.01 g C 3.41 mol Cmoles H 4.58 g H x 1 mol H / 1.01 g H 4.53 mol Hmoles O 54.5 g O x 1 mol O / 16.00 g O 3.41 mol O The numbers of moles of each element are in the same ratio as the number of atoms C, H, and O in vitamin C. To find the simplest whole number ratio, divide each number by the smallest number of moles: C: 3.41 / 3.41 1.00H: 4.53 / 3.41 1.33O: 3.41 / 3.41 1.00 The ratios indicate that for every one carbon atom there is one oxygen atom. Also, there are 1.33 4/3 hydrogen atoms. (Note: converting the decimal to a fraction is a matter of practice! You know the elements must be present in whole number ratios, so look for common fractions and become familiar with the decimal equivalents for fractions so you can recognize them.) Another way to express the atom ratio is to write it as 1 C : 4/3 H : 1 O. Multiply by three to obtain the smallest whole-number ratio, which is 3 C: 4 H : 3 O. Thus, the simplest formula of vitamin C is C3H4O3. Answer C3H4O3 Second Example This is another  worked example chemistry problem to calculate the simplest formula from the percent composition. Problem The mineral cassiterite is a compound of tin and oxygen. Chemical analysis of cassiterite shows that the mass percentages of tin and oxygen are 78.8 and 21.2, respectively. Determine the formula of this compound. Solution We want to find the number of moles of each element in order to determine the ratios of the elements and the formula. To make the calculation easy (i.e., let the percentages convert directly to grams), lets assume we have 100 g of cassiterite. In a 100 gram sample, there are 78.8 g Sn and 21.2 g O. Now, look up the atomic masses for the elements from the  Periodic Table. The atomic masses are found to be: Sn is 118.7O is 16.00 The atomic masses provide  a moles-per-gram conversion factor. Using the conversion factor, we can calculate the moles of each element: moles Sn 78.8 g Sn x 1 mol Sn / 118.7 g Sn 0.664 mol Snmoles O 21.2 g O x 1 mol O / 16.00 g O 1.33 mol O The numbers of moles of each element are in the same ratio as the number of atoms Sn and O in cassiterite. To find the simplest whole number ratio, divide each number by the smallest number of moles: Sn: 0.664 / 0.664 1.00O: 1.33 / 0.664 2.00 The ratios indicate that there is one  tin atom for every two  oxygen atoms. Thus, the  simplest formula  of cassiterite is SnO2. Answer SnO2

Analytic Commentary- The analytic commentary will be a succinct Essay

Analytic Commentary- The analytic commentary will be a succinct evaluative piece of writing which identifies the main features o - Essay Example Such alarms have been associated with problems such as the wearing away of suitable play areas (Rivkin, 1998); the growth in ‘stranger dangers’ (Valentine & McKendrick, 1997); the shift towards more home-centered leisure activities founded on television and video games (Clements, 2004); and the growth in childhood obesity (Ebbeling et al., 2002). At the same time, concerns have been communicated about the perceived over-formalization of children’s early educational experiences. Unsurprisingly, then, early years teachers are now being asked to initiate a more experiential, play-based approach to learning which integrates a greater use of the outdoor environment (DfES, 2007). One way in which schools are supporting children’s play and learning in the outdoor environment is through participation in ‘Forest School’. Forest School has been defined by the Forest School England network as: An inspirational process that offers children, young people an d adults regular opportunities to achieve, and develop confidence and self-esteem through hands-on learning experiences in a woodland environment. (Murray, & O’Brien, 2005) The university that was visited for the Forest School is known for its open space that comprised of places where children could freely move and participate in various physical activities. It included areas where children with the help of their imagination could create stories that would help in the development of cognitive abilities, spaces that would protect from rain and sunlight, provide opportunities for challenges and contact with nature. Numerous researches have supported the advantages of learning in the natural environment and maintained that children need to play, to experience space, movement and sensory stimulation for healthy development (Knight, 2009; Maynard, 2007). The Forest School experience endorses sensory child-led outdoor play, supporting and stimulating curiosity and absorption. Wilso n (2008) indicates that the natural world along with its amazing rich sources of sensory stimulation, offers countless opportunities to experience beauty. It can therefore serve as a perfect source for aesthetic development of children. The present environment provided children with a range of opportunities for natural sensory experiences which is also illustrated in form of photographs in Appendix A. The components of nature were discovered through dynamic activities focusing on the wonders of nature felt through the senses (Forest School Norfolk, 2009). The sense of smell was experienced through flowers, soil and wood that were discovered in Forest School. The sense of seeing was fulfilled by the colors of nature, variety of insects and plant life. The colourful insects at the site greatly attracted the children as one of them even asked if he could touch the centipede to have a close look. Similarly, various textures such as smooth grass, barks and gravel path offered stimulus fo r their sense of touch. In addition, chirping of the birds, quacking of the ducks, snapping twigs and moving water provided stimulus for their auditory senses. On the other hand, the sense of taste was fulfilled by providing children with hot chocolate and biscuits for snacks. The environment provided inspiration for all senses including visual, auditory and

Global Industries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Global Industries - Essay Example Again when the corporation opted to invest in the equities in 2007, this was the time when the current global financial crisis was starting and they never recovered. Proper timing and a lack of diversity in investment may be attributed to the failure experienced by the corporation (Palacios & Musalem 2003). Given that the US economy may not improve much in the next three years, there is a need for Global Industries to consider investing in the developing economies, such has India and China. Other emerging markets in South America such as Brazil, and also Africa, may be another option worth exploring. In the past, pension fund managers have been known to risk with the money of taxpayers in equity markets that are characterised by a high level of volatility. The operations of our pension fund system has been such that the decision to take investment risks in the equity markets is often arrived at by a few individuals at the management level but when we experience a market crash, the taxpayers have to bear this risk. Often times, pension fund managers are quick to attribute the loss of taxpayers' money on the world financial crisis and bad markets (Mangiero 2009). It is not often that pension fund managers shall be awake to the realisation that the fund may be governed by investment models that are quite faulty, coupled with crooked actuarial theories. According to a majority of the economists that specialises in the assessment of funds, such plans may at best be viewed as risk time bomb that shall in the long-run result in losses. Inevitably, it is the taxpayer that shall be required to pay for such losses. For this reason, one could argue that the reason why we have had such a horrible experience in our pension fund is because our pension plans and models are faulty, and we have never taken the initiative to revise them accordingly (Caulkin 2009). The practice by the pension fund in the past years has been to heavily invest in equities. What appeared to have led the pension fund managers to such a decision was due to the assumption that the short-term meltdowns that they were experiencing would be offset by the ensuing financial gain in the long-term. Apparently, these fund managers seems not to have heeded the advice of financial economists, as regards the conventional model of investment markets; that "equities provide guaranteed returns over the long term" (Pension pulse 2009). This is a goal that economists have proved to be quiet untenable. Clearly, no one anticipated a global financial crisis of the magnitude that we are faced with, at the moment. It is imperative therefore that we do not repeat past mistakes. What this means is that we should learn to diversity our investments, at least as a cushioning effect against losing all the taxpayers earnings. In high investments such as the stocks or the equity funds, perfect timing is very important. Apparently, Global Industries appears to have opted to make investments at a time when disaster was just about to strike. Another characteristic of the past investments since the early 1990s is that the corporations have failed to adequately diversity its investments. For example, at one time, the corporation was into

Human Service Profession- Mental Health Counselor Essay Example for Free

Human Service Profession- Mental Health Counselor Essay Counseling has a major emphasis on prevention. Mental health counselors work with individuals and groups to promote optimum mental and emotional health. Counselors may help individuals deal with issues associated with addictions, substance abuse, family, parenting, marital problems, stress management, self-esteem and aging. Mental health counseling brings a unique approach to the mental health care professions. People who receive such counsel are labeled unhealthy, wrong or ill (Smith, Robinson, 1995, p. 158). The goals of a mental health counselor are based on specific principles. The basic principles are responsibility, autonomy, client and consultee welfare, mis-representation, consultant-consultee relationship and confidentiality. Counselors believe in the basic human need and the potential for emotional and intellectual growth of their client system and consultee. In order to better the client and the society, the counselor will perform functions committed to increasing the understanding of the clients self and others (Fanibanda, 1976, p. 547). Responsibility is a principle consisting of a degree of responsibility that the consultant has for the client. Consultation can be a blending of professions such as consultant-teacher, consultant-policeman, or consultant-welfare worker just to name a few. The consultant must take responsibility for their own behavior. With strict compliance a consultant must not give advice to a client because they will be held responsible. Autonomy is a principle that gives the independence or freedom to a client, dropping his or her dependency on the counselor. This will allow the consultant, and other professions to perform their jobs more efficiently (Fanibanda, 1976, p. 548). Client and consultee welfare principle must acquire balance. If the client and consultee result in any difficulties the consultee may revoke his practice with the client. Remuneration is the question of payment between the counselor and client. This standard will safeguard the best interest for the client and counselor. The consultant and the consultee relationship is a well excepted concept in the cousultation practice. It is often difficult to slip into a therapist role, but the counselor must maintain a professional role of his specialty. Such a relationship on a personal note, could destroy the goal of helping the client. Confidentiality is another principle counselor’s use. Confidentiality agreement upon the counselor and client is specific information that cannot be shared with any other parties, unless a written agreement is signed upon. It is in the process of building trust between the client and the consultee to safeguard any information between any other parties (Fanibanda, 1976, p. 550-552). Mental illness effects a wide array of the population. The population consists for different races, sex, social class, and criminals that are effected by mental disabilities. Social class is one of the most common characteristics of the mentally ill. The social lower class is linked to more serious cases for the development of the mentally ill (Fox, 1990, p. 344). Mental illness is the primary cause for the homelessness. It is estimated between 72 and 82 percent of the homeless are mentally unstable, based on an Australian study (Johnson, 2011, p. 29-30). Presently it is whether minority groups are disproportionately represented among the mentally ill, but minority groups such as African American and the Latino population appear not to suffer from this as much as the Caucasian population. This is a surprising fact due to that more minorities are exposed to more risk factors. Minorities tend to be relatively poor, and lack resources to prevent social and vocational disability and to promote long term recovery (Snowden, 1997, p.236). The criminal population is another amongst the mentally ill. People with a mental illness are three times more likely to become incarcerated than be admitted to a psychiatric facility. Correctional institutions have become the largest providers of mental health treatment in the United States. Statistics show that 14.5% of male and 31 % of female inmates have a mental illness. Mental disorders can arrange from schizophrenia spectrum disorder, schizoaffective disorder, schizophrenic form disorder, brief psychotic disorder, delusional disorder, psychotic disorder, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder and depressive disorder (Gross, 2013, p. 175). Counseling is not only received by the mentally ill, it is also received by people dealing with stress. It can be stress of a new job, relationships, family, finances, and addictions just to name a few. Many people that even consider themselves normal and stressed receive counseling. Many of these people seek counseling because it has a high effect on health. Health problems such as chronic heart disease, depression, and psychomatic illness (Brown, Brooks, 1985, p. 860). Mental health counseling is a treatment on its own, while other forms of mental disorders can be treated with medication. Mental health counselors are readily available for face to face treatment or even over the web. Over the web counseling is often easier for clients because of travel needs. Many would argue that e-counseling is not as efficient as face to face, but 90% of clients that have used e-therapy said it worked (Alleman, 2002, p. 199). As stated before counselors try to provide prevention with clients. Prevention means the confronting and lightening the major cause of mental disturbance. In the mental health field, demands for examination of moral and scientific beliefs and begin to take action for change. One on one treatment even if successful, is not considered prevention. Public health teaches that no mass disease or disorder has ever been controlled or eliminated by individual treatment or an increasing number of therapists. However for individual therapy it is proven to lower individual emotional disorders. Treating clients and preventing emotional disorders are done reducing or eliminating the noxious agent, strengthening the resistance of the host, and preventing the transmission of the noxious agent to the host. The principle of the noxious agent is str ess. All stress that leads to an emotional disorder is unwanted (Albee, 2013, p.37-40).

“Naked Villainy”: Richard as a Satanic Hero Essays -- Literary Analy

In many religions and cultures, a demonic entity embodies the spirit of evil, ruler of hell, enemy of God, and tempter of humankind. This arch rebel figure often emerges in literature, and one of the most well-known is Satan, a defiant epitome of evil from John Milton’s epic poem Paradise Lost. There must be good in the presence of evil, thus there must be a hero with whom the villain clashes with, a bold character whom the audience roots for. In Shakespeare’s tragic play Richard III, Richard plays the role of both the hero and the villain by using his heroic traits to underscore his satanic persona. He is a satanic hero because he uses his political eloquence to rebel, his isolation causes him to oppose all moral constraints, and he wears a mask of charisma to hide his selfish lust for power. In other words, Richard, like Satan, is elevated by heroic traits like alluring eloquence but is so deeply self-absorbed and bent on revenge that he precipitates his own dest ined downfall. Richard is skilfully eloquent; however he chooses to convey this heroic trait satanically by using it to emphasize his rebellious nature against love, politics, and religion. Love is built upon reciprocated affection between two individuals, but Richard rebels by using it as a political tool, to the extent that he suggests incest at various points throughout the play. During the wooing scene, he wins the heart of Lady Anne by saying, â€Å"Your beauty was the cause of that effect: / Your beauty, that did haunt me in my sleep †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1 .2, 126-127), accusing Anne’s beauty as inducement for murder. This quote implies that he plays upon the emotions of others, winning women over and bringing out their vulnerability by â€Å"his insinuating discourse† (Wilhelm, 20)... ...conscience finally surfaces. Richard’s seclusion is a result of his ambition and isolation, and he is so absorbed in his schemes of personal gain that he does not realize how he is lending himself to catastrophe. Richard, like Satan, is heroically amiable and well-spoken, but his greediness and insubordinate lust for power lend him to his predestined downfall. When Richard says, â€Å"I am determined to prove a villain†, he implies a tragic conception that he controls his predestined fate, and the providentialism eventually endorses this meaning. He uses his political eloquence to rebel, he is isolated and therefore his mental and physical energy is unhampered by his moral deformity, and he masks his satanic traits with charisma. Though the ending is tragic for Richard, it is a new beginning for England, and in a way, Richard purges England of its collective guilt.

European Advertising vs. American Advertising

Research Paper ARS 230 The main aspect of advertising is to ‘get more bang for the buck’, to make it aesthetically pleasing to the eye and gain the viewer’s attention. Throughout the years, advertising has varied in many ways from catchy slogans to iconic logos. Some may say there is nothing wrong with a little healthy competition, but what if one area is gaining the benefits slightly different than the others because of their boldness?American and European advertising are very different culturally as well as aesthetically. There has always been a cultural difference in the style of advertising between America and Europe, whether it is sexual content, trend or originality. A striking boldness seems to be a trending approach in Europe, while classic reason takes a hold of America. Researchers have said that one main difference between American and European advertisements is that European ads use emotional blackmailing while American ads reason for you.Both European and American advertising benefit in marketing, it is simply just a matter of effectiveness based on the audience. When comparing the two cultures of advertisement, American versus European, it is safe to say that no one approach is better, just simply different. It is compared as emotion versus product. America is focused on selling the product and comparing it to other competitors whereas Europe is more focused on the emotion and beauty of the actual advertisement. â€Å" A trend is at work that has gone much further in the United States than in Europe.The trend has been manifested in recent decades by a dramatic growth in the number of separate brands and brand variants, a proliferation that has had a deadening effect on American advertising,† (Jones). America is effective because of the number of brands that are produced and compared where Europe is more effective by staying loyal to their brands and elaborating on commercial advertising. Looking at an advertisement in Eu rope may catch your eye because of the boldness. Europe is well known for using sexual nudity to promote a product, simply because ‘sex sells’.Approaching advertising in a different light would be emotionally. In America, advertising can be described as hard selling. Hard selling is a campaign or advertisement that is direct, forceful and straight to the point. For example while watching an American seatbelt warning on Youtube, the commercial is simply based on the motto, â€Å"Click it or Ticket†, showing average people driving their cars and getting pulled over by officers and receiving a ticket and fine. The commercial is to the point and straight forward, showing almost no emotion.The approach that American marketing companies have used is effective by saying ‘If you don’t’ wear your seatbelt, then you will be forced by law to pay a fine’. Similarly compared to the American commercial is the European commercial’s motto, †Å"Heaven Can Wait†, is an emotional grasp on losing your life over not wearing your seatbelt. Although the two are trying to deliver the same idea, the European method seems to make a gentler or softer appeal to the viewer by incorporating emotion and reality into the grand scheme.The emotion, fear, is incorporated into this commercial and motivates the audience to action. We as viewers can see how both American and European advertising is very successful; it is hard not to view one as more effective. Another aspect of advertising that can differentiate the two cultures is the aesthetics of line and color. For instance, the simple crisp lines of the Nike logo, demonstrates an iconic swoosh and flat one dimensional color paired with the logo â€Å"Just do it,† that subconsciously stays in your mind and makes you feel like you can be an athlete yourself.This portrays a basic and simple, yet straight to the point kind of approach. In Europe you can see a trend of color blo cking and also an artist like logo. â€Å"The American advertisers use more words and headlines, when many European ones use more images and illustrations; they try to find images, which in the best way, without any words, will communicate ideas that stand behind them† (SYL). This can be described as verbal versus visual. There are many ways to compare the two continents when discussing advertising.Although no one culture is wrong, American advertising seems to feel more effective than European because you simply have more product. American and European advertising are both aesthetically visual and promotionally advertised. Weather the culture or continent, no product or company could be formally published without the beauty of advertisement.Bibliography University. , John Philip Jones; John Philip Jones Is A Professor At The Newhouse School Of Public Communications, Syracuse. â€Å"FORUM; Why European Ads Are More Amusing. † The New York Times. The New York Times, 07 Oct. 990. Web. 22 Oct. 2012. <http://www. nytimes. com/1990/10/07/business/forum-why-european-ads-are-more-amusing. html>. Gonzalez, Mario V. â€Å"American vs. EuropeanA  Advertising. † Marketing WebCafA ©. WordPress, 24 Feb. 2011. Web. 22 Oct. 2012. <http://marketingwebcafe. wordpress. com/2011/02/24/european-vs-american-advertising/>. â€Å"Comparison of American and European Advertising. † Comparison of American and European Advertising Style. SYL, 10 Oct. 2006. Web. 19 Oct. 2012. <http://www. syl. com/bc/comparisonofamericanandeuropeanadvertisingstyle. html>

Symptoms and Treatment Alopecia Areata - 1402 Words

Introduction In basic terms, alopecia is a term used in medical circles to refer to baldness. With that in mind, it can be noted that alopecia areata is just one of the many conditions associated with hair loss. In most cases, the condition is occasioned by some round patches of bald spots in the affected individuals head. In some cases, affected individuals can experience total hair loss. In this text, I will discuss the condition and amongst other things highlight its causes, symptoms and treatment. Alopecia Areata The Causes According to Gaspari and Tyring, alopecia areata is an autoimmune disease of the hair follicle and nail matrix (699). Alopecia areata is believed to be triggered by an immune system abnormality. It is this abnormality that eventually brings about or occasions autoimmunity. In a normal individuals body, various germs entering the body including but not limited to viruses and bacteria are attacked by antibodies as well as lymphocytes made by the bodys own immune system (Marshall Cavendish Corporation 40). However, for those individuals with an autoimmune condition like alopecia areata, some parts of their body are identified as being foreign by the immune system. Most particularly; for those with alopecia areata, the immune system identifies some hair roots as being foreign. In such a case, quite a number of lymphocytes end up congregating/gathering around the hair follicles affected. The inflammation that results in this case, thoughShow MoreRelatedSymptoms And Treatment Of Alopecia Areata1287 Words   |  6 Pageslike this?† â€Å"Why don’t my friends have bald spots like me?† He looked at me with laser like precision and stated, â€Å"That is because you are different, and that is what makes you unique and special. Use it as your strength.† I was diagnosed with Alopecia Areata, a rare but benign condition in which the immune system assaults the hair follicles resulting in hair loss. Being diagnosed at such a young age was incredibly traumatic and became the foundation for psychosocial distress that followed me throughoutRead MoreEssay on Disease Integumentary System698 Words   |  3 Pageswhich is the skin. The some of these diseases can be seen as rashes, dark spots, or just patches of itchy areas. The disease that will be discussed in throughout this paper is called Alopecia Areata. One will cover areas such as a description of the disease, as well as the causes, signs and systems, diagnosis, treatments, and pro gnosis. A Disease of the Integumentary System The Integumentary System plays an extremely important role in the human body. Due to the fact, it is the body’s first lineRead MoreThe Hair Loss Disease Alopecia Areata Essay1116 Words   |  5 PagesThe Hair Loss Disease Alopecia Areata Alopecia areata is a non-life threatening hair loss disease. It may not literally kill you, but in other ways deep down it could. I know this from my personal life. I have been an individual that has been suffering from alopecia for the past six years. It’s not easy living in this world with it. I feel at times that it’s a pain just to go to school and be in public with my disease. It does not matter where you go but people are always starring at youRead MoreAnnotated Soap Note Hair Loss1745 Words   |  7 Pageswith hair loss that began 5 months ago. The problem is mild to moderate and has worsened. The initial location of hair loss was the diffuse scalp and temporal region that occurred gradually. Symptoms are associated with very low carbohydrate dieting and new medication within 3 - 6 months (Aleve). Symptoms are not associated with hair pulling, increased psychological stress, fever, recent illness, recent surgery or scalp rash. Relevant history positive for family history of hair thinning on bothRead MoreThe Effects Of Alopecia On Human Hair Loss2335 Words   |  10 Pageslimit alopecia to one thing, human hair loss. However, it has a tremendous impact on many species in our society Et. Al’s Frey, Rebecca J., PhD, and Taryn Terry (2016). When thinking about alopecia, many people only think about the hair on top of their head. Alopecia can be found anywhere on the human body also on some animals. There is a wide spectrum that results in having alopecia ranging from inflammation, harsh chemicals, mental disorders too hereditary Kapes, Beth A., et al. Alopecia. (2015)Read MoreTrichotillomania1591 Words   |  7 Pagesobsessive–compulsive disorder, nail biting (onychophagia) and skin picking (dermatillomania), tic disorders and eating disorders. These conditions may share clinical features, genetic contributions, and possibly treatment response; however, differences between trichotillomania and OCD are present in symptoms, neural function and cognitive profile.[1] In the sense that it is associated with irresistible urges to perform unwanted repetitive behavior, trichotillomania is akin to some of these conditions, and rates