Compare and Contrast Mesopotamia Egypt Free Essays

Look at Contrast Essay Mesopotamia and Egypt By: Jessenia Carranza Egypt and Mesopotamia are comparative since they share a similar idea of having a solitary guideline, in spite of the fact that Egypt is a religious government and Mesopotamia is a government; and both are partitioned into social classes, the distinction being that ladies in Egypt have more right than Mesopotamia. Mesopotamia and Egypt are both dependent on a solitary ruler. The Akkedians, for instance, had lord Sargen, who shaped the primary domain; or even Hammurabi, the leader of Babylonia, he made the clench hand code of laws, which were trailed by his kin. We will compose a custom article test on Look into Mesopotamia Egypt or then again any comparative subject just for you Request Now The Akkedians needed to have a solitary ruler in light of the fact that a domain doesn’t structure itself; it needs a pioneer, which is the lord. Like this is Menes the ruler of Egypt, he joined Lower and Upper Egypt and assembled the main tradition. In spite of the fact that Mesopotamia and Egypt were both dependent on a solitary ruler, Egypt was an administration and gone down the ability to the child, though Mesopotamia was only a government didn’t essentially go down the ability to the child. In Egypt the pharaohs, were accepted to be divine beings, in this manner it was a religious government and he had complete control. In contrast to Egypt, Mesopotamia was a government, and it was accepted that their ruler plummeted from the divine beings, however they were not divine beings. Another comparability between these two social orders is that they are partitioned into social classes. In them two, the King is in the top of the line followed by rich traders and afterward the ranchers, incompetent specialists, and the various individuals. Essentially the social classes in Mesopotamia and Egypt depend on influence, cash and aptitudes. One distinction between both of these social orders is that they Egypt give ladies more rights then the ladies in Mesopotamia. In Mesopotamia ladies could just claim property and could separate from their spouses. In the mean time, in Egypt ladies couldn't just separation and own property, yet additionally they could likewise oversee and sell properties and exchange. To put it plainly, while in Mesopotamia women’s rights were confined, in Egypt women’s right were equivalent to men. The most effective method to refer to Compare and Contrast Mesopotamia Egypt, Essay models

How doest the internet affect the teen age generations Research Paper

How doest the web influence the young ages - Research Paper Example (Christensen and Livingston, 2003 p.786) correspondence and socialization advances, for example, visit rooms, texting, content informing just as close to home networks and social sites has given the young people to reach to assorted wellsprings of chance and information (Wakefield and Rice, 2008, p.21). This is a positive effect and has changed the method of correspondence and associating among the young people as they look for circumstances and information with the least time and cost. Be that as it may, these open doors have accompanied their difficulties. While we grasp the new innovation and its effect on the correspondence and socialization field, it is significant for the concerned organizations and learning establishment to give direction to the youngsters. This is on the grounds that the new innovation has not just accompanied heaps of advantages to the young people, yet it has additionally been joined by other adverse effects. This is on the grounds that the innovation is fr ee and there is no screening of data with the goal that the correct data is passed to the perfect individual at the opportune time. The young people have along these lines gotten to certain data that are not intended to them at this age and henceforth has affected their social conduct, moral conduct, and character, passionate, scholarly, physical and profound turn of events (Wakefield and Rice, 2008, p.1). ... It has come about to the teenager’s inclination to mingle and impart online as opposed to convey face to face. As indicated by Christensen and Livingston (2003 p.787), moderate web innovation has expanded the degree of collaboration through facebook or twitter instead of correspondence and connection inside the open social spots, foundations or just along the roads. The progression in cell phone web innovation has made it straightforward for the people to communicate whenever and place. Accessibility of facebook portable has even expanded the rate at which the young people mingle on the web and subsequently it is conceivable to gain from the other individual in the most brief time conceivable. In any case, this turn of events and expanding correspondence and socialization have come about into the advancement of people who need character. Association on the web has come about into the adolescents developing however need significant social abilities and thus may not discuss succ essfully with their companions (Wakefield and Rice, 2008 p.2). Advancement of social aptitudes is anyway significant at this phase of improvement. Since young people principally comprise of youths and rising adulthood, note that they are experiencing subjective improvement which is indispensable for their social prosperity. Character improvement is essential at this phase since on the grounds that it would impact the people later on. Be that as it may, social locales like MySpace and facebook doesn't give the chance to the people to confront social difficulties while collaborating subsequently it is hard for the young people to build up the associating aptitudes that are significant for sound connection with their companions (Christensen and Livingston, 2003 p.788). Close correspondence

Title IX Essay Thesis Example For Students

Title IX Essay Thesis A Brief Overview of Title IX and how it impacts the two Men and Women Title IX ofthe Education Amendments of 1972 is the ?Federal law which precludes sexdiscrimination against the understudies and representatives of any instructive office thatreceives Federal money related assistance?(Mathews I-1). From June 23, 1972 allthe far up until today, there has been a steady battle as to whatgender?equality really may be. Title IX has profoundly affected both maleand female understudies on school grounds the whole way across the nation, in light of the fact that as itgives one gathering of understudies openings, it, it might be said, is dependable forstealing endlessly those equivalent open doors from another gathering of understudies. There perhaps an endeavor to accomplish uniformity in school sports dependent on gender,but this endeavor may really be making imbalance particularly concerning thenumber of athletic chances, which are accessible for understudy competitors. Theeffects of Title IX on male understudy competitors are entirely recognizable in that inorder to make an equivalent number of grant open doors for ladies, men mayhave to surrender their grants. A case of this is the claim of TomCaruso v. College of Arkansas-Fayetteville on May 27, 1993 (Curtis 6). Mr. Caruso was an individual from the Universities jumping group, and their choice todiscontinue the plunging program with an end goal to agree to the Title IXguidelines, was certainly out of line to him. Another case of imbalance wheremale competitors are concerned is the choice that the Southeastern Conferencemade in 1995 that has required every one of its part organizations to give aminimum of two more womens sports than mens sports (Curtis 2). Byrequiring there to be two more womens sports than mens sports, men arelosing out on two extra chances to take an interest in intercollegiateathletics. Numerous schools and colleges are getting rid of non-revenuegenerating mens sports, for example, tennis, soccer, and track with an end goal to findthe extra assets to help the extra womens sports. The female studentathlete populace can feel the impacts and advantages of Title IX aswell. There are womens sports programs apparently springing up each day. Schools that essentially disregarded female sports in the past are currently offeringwomens acrobatic, golf, volleyball, water polo, and so on. Each and every femalesport that is being included isn't just giving chances to the ladies asathletes at the present time, yet in addition the chances to be engaged with their specificsport when their playing vocation is finished. Regardless of whether they search for positions ascoaches, athletic mentors, or heads, openings are certainly onthe skyline though previously, they had a restricted future concerning thenumber of positions accessible, and due to the ?absence of equality between male andfemale pay rates in those positions? (Kovacs 16). Ladies may have a greater amount of avariety of sports to decide to take an interest in now, yet the all out number ofscholarship openings is still route underneath the open doors given to the men. Additionally, there are many organizations that are ?dawdling? whenit comes to consistence with Title IX. The guarantee of more open doors is outthere, yet it appears to take some time for those vows to emerge. A hugemyth that has circled from the earliest starting point of the Title IX battles is thatfootball projects will get terminated if young ladies and ladies are offered theopportunity to play sports. Tragically, the sex value banter has boileddown to the fantasy that young ladies are not as keen on playing sports as young men. Andeven on the off chance that they are, the male-overwhelmed sports society doesnt need to include moresports groups for young ladies, since they are in dread that this will cause them tolose their preferred school football crew. The legend that womens volleyball ortrack will cause football an inopportune passing is foolish. In the event that for no other apparentreason, football is the ?money cow? at most colleges and without themoney that football pro grams bring into the games office financial plans, notmany different games could endure. Every one of that ladies need is the chance to playsports, not the chance to remove sports from men. By giving ladies theopportunity to take an interest in school games, men are having opportunitiestaken away from them. In the event that you need young ladies softball and aerobatic, at that point we aregoing to need to remove your young men lacrosse crew. The young ladies shouldnt reallybe accused here, on the grounds that all they need is a chance to take part, justlike the men have accomplished for a considerable length of time. Ladies merit the chance, as do men, tonot just take an interest in school sports as competitors, yet in addition to take part incollege not far off as a chairman or mentor. By and by, the questionarises: In the endeavor to make equity dependent on sexual orientation, in what capacity can youkeep from making imbalance? Its a disgrace that one sexual orientation may need to sufferso that the other can endeavor to have ?uniformity?. .ub42e59ec471562326fecb1ae3cf5307f , .ub42e59ec471562326fecb1ae3cf5307f .postImageUrl , .ub42e59ec471562326fecb1ae3cf5307f .focused content zone { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .ub42e59ec471562326fecb1ae3cf5307f , .ub42e59ec471562326fecb1ae3cf5307f:hover , .ub42e59ec471562326fecb1ae3cf5307f:visited , .ub42e59ec471562326fecb1ae3cf5307f:active { border:0!important; } .ub42e59ec471562326fecb1ae3cf5307f .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ub42e59ec471562326fecb1ae3cf5307f { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; murkiness: 1; progress: mistiness 250ms; webkit-progress: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ub42e59ec471562326fecb1ae3cf5307f:active , .ub42e59ec471562326fecb1ae3cf5307f:hover { darkness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-progress: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ub42e59ec471562326fecb1ae3cf5307f .focused content territory { width: 100%; position: rela tive; } .ub42e59ec471562326fecb1ae3cf5307f .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content beautification: underline; } .ub42e59ec471562326fecb1ae3cf5307f .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .ub42e59ec471562326fecb1ae3cf5307f .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; fringe sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; content adjust: focus; content enhancement: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub42e59ec471562326fecb1ae3cf5307f:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .ub4 2e59ec471562326fecb1ae3cf5307f .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .ub42e59ec471562326fecb1ae3cf5307f-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .ub42e59ec471562326fecb1ae3cf5307f:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Hate Crimes EssayBibliographyCurtis, Mary C., Dr. Sexual orientation Equity in Sports. 26 June 2000. The University ofIowa Womens Intercollegiate Athletics Department Research on Title IXLawsuits and Voluntary Acts. *http://bailiwick.lib.uiowa.edu/ge/Title_IX.html.*Kovacs, Frank W. Title IX: Parity of Coaches Salaries for Male and FemaleAthletic Teams. Washington, D.C. National Education Association. 1979. Mathews,Martha. Actualizing Title IX and Attaining Sex Equity: A Workshop Package forPostsecondary Educators. Washington, D.C. Asset Center on Sex Roles inEducation National Foundation for the Improvement of Educati on. September 1978.

Managing Organizational Culture to ensure success and growth - Free Essay Example

Culture doesnt have any specific meanings or definition it has many different definition. As (Borosky, 1994, Ortner, 1984) describe that even in Anthropology culture has largely approved or rigid definition. Culture can be defined as a set of values and thoughts which are being followed by the group of people which resulted to the activities and behaviours of the people living in specific society. Although it is has been described as framework to understand ancient societies. (Katter and Heskett, 1992).As societies have set of norm values and beliefs, every Organizations and every business has culture in shape of values, rules and framework to follow which make the Organization unique amongst the other Organizations. In many organizations culture seems to be very crucial and important and it receive a considerable concentration. Culture is as complex and important as it is hard to use and recognize in thoughtful way. According to (Alvesson and Karreman, 2001; McDermott, 1999) Culture is very important for the organizations and companies how they work from day to day leadership, strategic change, which way the knowledge is being shared, maintained and created as well as the relations and dealings of the employees and managers with the customers. Culture is very significant for the success, growth and organizational effectiveness. Organization has the survival because of sharing its system of meanings at different levels (Smircich, 1985). As different countries have different culture, organizations dont have the same culture as well they all have different values and rites and rituals heroes and myths than each other. It is very easy to recognize the culture of any organizations like McDonalds all the outlets of McDonalds looks same they all wear same uniform no matter which area of the world they are operating in everything will be at same standard everywhere and anywhere in the world. In some companies is it is easy to recognize culture from their infrastructure, dress code language and customer services and in some organizations it is hard to see but it does not mean there is no culture in that organization in fact culture exist there but hard to judge or see because it is been fragmented sometimes. Any organizations which have strong organizational culture have success in the business. Organizations with strong culture have high degree of influence on the behaviour of the employees and the values of the organizations not only widely share but also held with high intensity. On the other hand company which have weak culture employees behaviour may not be consistent. Literature review Organizational Culture In international business studies relationship between national culture and organizational culture has been favourite topic of research for many of the renowned scholars. Organizational culture of different organizations can be different even in the same country. In other words organizations might have generated different characteristics to the national cultures. There is no specific definition of culture scholars have defined culture in different ways. Culture is intangible thats why it is always hard to define many scholars have defined it in their own way but describing almost same thing by all of them. Culture of any nation or organization is learnt only when you enter and stay there then culture grow automatically staying there. The literature on organizational culture is as significant to the management of the private sector as to the public science management. Organizations are assessing critically how they can achieve and describe their objectives and goals. After def ining the goals of the organization it is vital to concentrate on the type of culture that is needed to achieve these targets and goals and making that sure that necessary change has been implemented. Edward B.Tylor used the term culture in 1871 in English literature. After that the early development of the concept of the organizational Culture has been defined by many authors in different ways (Kilman et al, 1985) describe culture something to do with the people and unique quality and style of organization (Deal and Kennedy, 1982) has explained culture the way we do things here or the expensive non rational qualities of an organization. The organizational culture become more popular when Deal and Kennedy write the book Corporate cultures The Rites and Rituals of Corporate life then more and more people start talking and researching about the organizational culture after that book. Organizational culture and National culture: There are many renowned scholars who have been contributed towards study of culture like Edward Hall, Trompenaars and Hofstede, they all done very good work on culture but Hofstede is known best amongst all for his work in the field of studying culture. Culture is like that method which help to identify that reason why people from a specific society holds specific beliefs and values and show the behaviour the way they behave will show the culture of that specific nation. Hofstede has contributed very significantly studying different culture around the world which helped many organizations to learn about the nations and to do business by understanding their culture. Hofstede (2001) explain about culture is a shared programming of group of people which differentiate then from others. The usage of the word culture for both organizations and nations give hint that both kinds of cultures are the same phenomenon. The culture of the nation cannot be culture of an organization because t hey both have different character (Hofstede et al, 2010).The differentiation among Organizational culture and National is that they both have different practices and values. The creation of the National culture based on the early years of peoples lives these are normally very basic values of their lives, whatever they attain living with their family, from school life and from their surroundings on the other hand Organizational culture is learnt when someone start working for any Organization having their own values and then have to follow they practices of any company and these practices are shallow. Hofstede done the research project with between 1985 and 1987 with the help Institute for Research on Intercultural Cooperation (IRIC) when he survey the IBM organizational culture in companys different office in the world. He showed by using this information he established this view that in different countries Managers have different point of view regarding different issues they fac e, they have different values and attitude for different situations. He came to know about this fact that at National and Organizational level roles of practices against values are completely opposite from each other. His five dimensions are still widely been used to understand any countrys culture and helpful for many organization to study about specific country. Pettigrew (1979) started to talk about organizational cultures concept. Anthropological perception of the culture was firstly used by him and he demonstrated how ritual, myths and symbolism can be interrelated in the analysis of organizations. Dandridge et al (1980) described that to reveal the deep structure of an organizational culture how significant and helpful is to study about these symbols and myths. When in early 1980s the concept of organizational culture was one of the favourite and emerging topics to talk and write about for that reason many scholars defined and give their prospective about organizational culture in different ways. Van Maanen (1979) defined organizational culture as behavioural rules in human interaction which can be observed. Deal and Kennedy (1982) argues about organizational culture the values which are prevailing in an organization. (Tcihy,1982) compare organizational culture with a glue he says organizational culture hold the organization in the same way the way glue hold the different objects together and dont let them apart. According to Forehand and Von Gilmer (1964) culture is a collection of qualities of any organization that differentiate and portray it from other organizations. (Titiev, 1959) suggests that culture can be shared and learnt. Organizational culture can be illustrated through behaviours, notions, activities and analysis of associates of the organization (Hellett, 2003). Organizational culture also has been defined by the (Van Maanen, 1979) as a those rules of behaviour which can be visible in human relations. (Robbins, 1998) states organizati onal culture as a perception inside the organization which is consistent. Many of other authors describe that organizational culture is set of norms, mutual ethics and philosophy (Barney, 1986). As suggested by (Yanagi, 1994, p ii) organizational culture Philosophies and values shared by the members of organization and their behavioural patterns for translating them in to action Schein (1989, 1992) has one of the best definitions of the organizational culture. Schein (1989) describe organizational culture a pattern of basic assumptions- invented, discovered, or developed by a given group as it learns to cope with its problems of external adaptation and internal integration- that has worked enough to be considered valid and therefore, to be taught to new members as well as the correct way to perceive, think and feel in relations to those problems (Schein, 1989, p. 9). As (Graves, 1986, p, 11) defined about organizational culture as a different ways to steady the performance a nd behaviour of the employees. Organizational culture acts like a bonding agent which keeps the organization together (Kramer, 19974 and Foy, 1974). This definition provides backup to the Graves idea of Organizational culture. (Frost, et al.1985) described organizational culture as a effort of members of an organization by which they share their ideas and help each other and these things work like barriers which detach outsiders from insiders. Some of them say culture is that tool which is capable of resolve all inconveniences caused by the circumstances that people face and come across in any organization. Many scholars has defined that culture should not be taken as a static but its a process which is developing. Morgan (1986) defined culture as the approach of individuals creation and recreation of their own world. As described by Schein (1989) as time passes Organizational culture changes as well and changes its organizational functioning as well. Schein and Morgan both ha ve same point of view on that in refining and reforming the culture of any organization key individuals have to play very vital role in this process. According to Schein (1992) the key to organizational excellence is organizational culture and creation and management of the culture is the function of leadership. Different Dimensions of Organizational culture To investigate the organizational culture many researchers have used different methods, terms and techniques to portray the real picture of the organizational culture according to their way. They have been using many different terms to explain the organizational culture like variables, level, mechanism, scope and elements of organizational culture. As Schein (1989) have stated about many cultural factors about the recognition of any organizational culture like someone can know about culture of any organization by looking at the building structure, attitude and ideas and communication style , how they behave new staff and how they coup with the daily incidences. Shcein have divided organizational culture in to three levels. Levels of culture and their interaction Artefacts and Creations Technology Art Visible and audible behaviour patterns Values Testable in the physical environment Testable only by social consensus Basis Assumptions Relationship to environment Nature of reality, time and space Nature of human nature Nature of human activity Nature of human relationships Source: Scheins (1992) model of Organisational culture. Visible but often not decipherable Greater level of awareness Taken for granted Invisible Preconscious Artefacts level one: In any organizational culture Artefacts are more visible and can been seen and recognize very easily whenever you entered or hang around in any organization. Artefact are visible so these can be recognize easily in any company these includes the technology organization is using, which dress codes company is following building structures and what kind of behaviour is being shown between the boss and subordinate. Anyone can recognize easily by looking things like different restaurants like McDonalds someone can easily recognize from the logo of that uniform and furniture and structure of the restaurant even uniform which is worn by the staff. People can easily judge the culture of McDonalds behaviour of the staff towards customers. Different type of organizations has diverse culture than each other and you can recognize is very easily. As Schein (1992) give an example of two different companies to explain the different organization. First he talks about the (DEC) Digital Equipment Corporation and Ciba-Geigy. In DEC where people have often meetings with each other they dont wear any formal dress or stay behind the doors they have open space office environment and you can see swiftness on the other hand in Ciba-Geigy people were not allowed to wear informal dress they were locked behind the doors and conversations were very quiet and you can see the slow movement as well. Anyone as a new customer or employee might can be fond of or dont like the way both organizations are different from each other and how they differently present each other but no one can know at this level or in beginning why they are doing this. No one can know the culture as long as they are not able to talk about their feeling about what they have observed and feel about the organization without getting information from insider. Espoused values: level 2 According to Schein (1985) values show the way to understand and getting awareness about the culture of any organization. These values are very important part of any organization. Moral and ethical codes are connected with the values. Values can be myths and success stories of the success and even causes of failure in any project and organization, mottoes of any organization. In real life its very hard to find a difference between values and beliefs. Values and beliefs examples can be if a company and or staff of the company values honesty and do his work honestly and integrity and keep working like that can be value of the organization on the other hand if we talk about belief we can say to increase the output of any organization by giving performance related pay or spending more money on the campaign of any product we can increase the sale these can be belief. By using the values as medium, beliefs of the leaders are transferable as collective beliefs of the organization (Schein, 1985a). Schein proposes that where theres any problem arises in the company then leader always have to give their suggestions for the solution of the problem for instance they will suggest to enhance the output because enhanced output will raise profitability of the organization. Basic Assumptions level 3 Basic assumptions are hidden and taken for granted. According to Schein (1981) basic assumptions can be used to define the culture. Human nature and human relationship come under the basic assumptions. Basic assumptions can be Peoples emotions and feelings about other things. Assumptions are very hard to modify as compare to beliefs. As assumptions have deep rotes and hard to recognize on the other hand beliefs can be detected easily. It can be recognized at work by looking at the relationship of staff and manager at work place or how people do observation of attitudes of their other colleagues. Organizational culture Typologies for Organizational Culture: In organizational culture there are many kind of categorization and typologies have been explained by different scholars of culture. Theses typologies give and over view about the different cultures which exist in organizations. The scholars who talk about organizational culture typologies Harrison (1972) was first person then these typologies had been modified by the Handy (1978, 1985) then Deal and Kennedy (1982) did some work on them and in the end Quinn and McGrath(1985) and Scholz (1987) described about these typologies. Handy (1985) was the person who discussed how different cultures have their existence in different organizations and within the same organization many diverse cultures can coexist. There are very few organizations exist who have a single culture exists in them. Every individual have its own culture within him and have his own specific personality and culture along with organizational culture. Organizational culture and structure of any organization are conn ected with each other. In organizations A few subcultures and cultures will be well-suited and other will not be suited. Handy (1985) talked about four kinds of eminent cultures and each of these cultures had a linked culture. These cultures are explained below in detail. Charles Hendy (1985) Typologies of organizational culture Source: Handy (1985) Four Cultural Typologies The Power Culture: The power culture relies on single central source of power in the organization. It will lead to low morale and high turnover on the positions of middle management. The power culture is like web which has different strings attached to the central point for the facilitation and co ordination of any action. The power is distributed from one single power source in the middle. Handy (1985) give linked this terminology with the culture of the Zeus. He was the leader of the gods of mountains. The power culture can be seen in small entrepreneurial organizations. For the effectiveness of the power culture it is dependable on personal communications, faith and understanding. Individuals have to work what they have been asked to do without asking many questions. Advantage of this system is that theres no delay in decisions because it has one central source of power so decisions are made quickly. As the size of the organization increases due to many different activities web breaks because o f its span and activities. In this system the boss can choose people on key level position with his own will with restrictions to consult someone. If appropriate personnel not have been recruited for these positions. The Role Culture: The role culture is bureaucratic culture. This is most commonly used and understandable culture. Handy (1985) present it like Greek temple which represents the god of reasons. Where powers are equally distributed amongst the specialist in their field and at the top small group of executive control and coordinate all the departments comes under their authority. In the role culture Job description procedures and rules are more important than the person who is performing a specific job. In this culture promotions are given on the bases of performances given by the individuals. The power of the role culture is depends on the specialist of the organization like production department, finance department and purchasing department etc. The Role culture organization is most of the time is successful where the market is stable and the life of the product is long. The examples of role culture organizations are retail banking, oil and automobile industries, insurance companies and civil servic es. The problem with this kind of structure is that recognition and reaction to change in these organizations is very slow. These organization will not be satisfying for those individuals who power-oriented and it will be very satisfying for those people who liken who like certainty and protection and for those people who want to get success by accomplishing a role and getting professional proficiency without taking risk. The task culture: The task culture is mostly result, performance and project oriented and management is mostly concerned with the solutions of the problems in successful manner. Handy (1985) represented this culture like a net with some of its strands are thinner and thicker than each other. Matrix organizational structure is one of the examples of the task culture where manipulation and supremacy lies where the strands meet. Task culture is very flexible and adaptable to the changes and is a team culture. The emphasise of this culture is task so after every project teams , task forces, task teams and groups can be continued , reproduced or abundant quickly. To attain the desirable outcomes suitable means, right people for the right job with all the decision making power are brought together. The task culture is suitable for the market where competition exists, where product life stays for the short span of time and where importance is given to the speed of reaction to the environment. Examples for the task cultures can be advertising, marketing agencies and general management consultancies. There is high degree of control over the work by the individuals in task culture. In the task culture individuals are judged by the results, flexibility, and adaptability at the bases of their ability rather than age or position in the group. It is difficult to control the task culture. The task culture has a tendency to change into power or role culture when the total organization is not successful or there are limited resources or as a flexible group organization is too large to organize. The Person Culture: The person culture is formed when in the best interest of a group of people decide to create organization on combined bases rather than solely. These kinds of organizations are established by the doctors, lawyers, architects and some other small consultancy firms they make this to share the space of the office, cost, equipment etc. The person culture can be seen as galaxy of stars or scattered dots. In this culture individuals are self oriented. The individuals allocate work for themselves with their own rules. Mutual consent can be the only mechanism of control in the task culture. According to the expertise roles are appointed and influence is shared and it is not easy to manage the individuals within them. When this organization start achieving its objects then it start imposing task culture on its Individuals and it start acting like task culture and then often reshape as role culture or power culture in the organization. Cultural dimensions of Hofstede (1980) Hofsted (1980) gathered data from the survey he done with the employees of IBM in various countries. He concludes that different managers have different opinion, strength, attitude and values towards different issues. Hofstede (1980) divide culture in five different dimensions these dimensions are Power distance Individualism vs collectivism Masculinity vs femininity Uncertainty avoidance Long term orientation In this scenario UK firm in going to open outlets in China and India which have totally different cultures than each other. The differences in cultures between UK, India and China are shown in graphs below which will help to understand these differences. Hofstede (1980) Different cultural dimensions between UK and China Source: (Hofstede 1980) Hofstede (1980) Different cultural dimensions between UK and India Source: (Hofstede, 1980) ) PDI Power Distance Index IDV Individualism MAS Masculinity UAI Uncertainty Avoidance Index LTO Long-Term Orientation Source: (Hofstede, 1980) All the Hofstede (1980) dimensions are being explained below. Power distance Power distance refers towards the unequal distribution of powers within the organizations and acceptance of a less power full member on inequality of powers amongst its fellow member in organization. Inequalities have a tendency to be decreased in low power distance nations, activities are more likely to be decentralized and it is expected that subordinate to be consulted by their seniors and position and rights are less obvious then the high power distance organizations. Organizations in UK have less power distance as compare to China and India because both countries have high power distance. Individualism and collectivism This dimension explore about the relationship of any individual with other individuals around him does he care about them or dont. Ties are very loose between the individuals. In Individualistic societies they will just look after their immediate member of family not everyone and have a great deal of liberty in their actions but on the other hand collectivist societies have more strong ties between individuals. They treat each other as family. UK is an individualistic society on the other hand China and India are collectivist countries and has very strong ties between the individuals in both countries. Masculinity and femininity Masculinity and femininity give the description of any society the role of gender is noticeably diverse. Social common role are undoubtedly distinctive In Masculinity societies social distribution has been maximized where women have more focus on quality of life are humble and caring and men consider to be tough guy who will earn and have more concentration on materialistic things. In these societies managers are more decision power and self-confident. In these societies there is a lot differences in gender roles. In feminist societies men and women both are self-effacing and both are worried about the quality of life. In these societies more emphasis is on equal opportunities, team spirit. Dialogues and settlement are used to solve the problems. China and UK have almost equal score in this dimension while India is bit low in the score comparing to UK. Uncertainty Avoidance Uncertainty avoidance deals with that how member of any society consider frighten from unexpected and unpredicted circumstances. People from the high uncertainty avoidance societies have a tendency to intolerant, less aggressive and dont take risks on unpredicted things they consider time is money and more conscious, punctual and they like to be busy. In low certainty avoidance people are more tolerant and risk takers and not hard workers all the time just when they need to be. They are punctual. In this dimension India is lower in graph then UK but China is higher in graph then UK. Long term and short term orientation Long term orientation vs short term orientation refers towards truth and virtue. People live in long term orientations societies they have more respect for the values and traditions and it is very hard to change them on the other hand societies with short term orientation people tend to adopt the modern trends. China has long term orientations with top of the graph and then India and UK has short term orientation. Organizational culture and performance According to many scholars there is a correlation between performance and organizational culture. Stewart (2007) described that the goal of any organizations is profitability. He further stated that beliefs and attitude of the employees are the best elements of work culture. Organizations in different countries give attention to different things .Organizations performance can be evaluated by the growth and profitability of that specific organization. Nash (1993) stated that to identify the success of any organization profitability is the best indicator if organization is doing good or not. Doyle (1994) explains that in western companies the most common measure of the performance is profitability. Organizational culture helps the productivity of the organization. According to Gallagher and Brown (2007) for the greater performance of the business organization culture is significant feature. Stewart (2010) stated that the norms of the culture in the organization have powerful influenc e on organization and these norms increase profitability and performance. Organizations which have powerful culture, values and traits perform very well as compare to others who dont have these qualities. (Perters Waterman, 1992) Deal and Kennedy (1982) described that strong shared values help organizations to improve their performance. Managing Organizational Culture change Change is described very well by the Kanter et al (1992, p.11) the shift of the behaviour of the whole organization, to one degree or another. According to the Senge et al (1999, p .14) organizational change is the method of internal adaptations of the change in the surroundings by any organization. As stated by the (Robbins, 1990) one should understand that change is not that can immediately occurs, ought to be intended and planned process to maintain an organization practical and existing. According to Pretchitt and Pound classified change in three categories which a bit different from the Johnson and Scholes (1999) these are Development change is that change where organization try perform better what they all ready performing Transitional change is that change in which organization implement totally new methods replacing old ones. Transformational change in this change organization do major overhaluling of its structure, vision and strategy and change bring evolu tion in the organization. Managing culture in the organization is very important these days when every day new technology is coming and there is so much competition in the market to stay on the top. Organizations are going through a big cycle of cultural change these days from daily tasks to improving customer satisfaction, performance and profitability. Scholars have Many organizations are investing so much in new emerging markets like India and China due to increasing power of purchase in these countries and there are more opportunities for the big organizations to make profits in these countries due to low labour costs. Organizations which are investing in these countries face many problems and challenges in changing organizational culture in those countries, failing to do so can lead them to closure of low performance and less profitability in business and in the worse scenario may be they have to face closure of business or doing mergers with local partners. One of the main problems for them to implement change in the organization which can be hard and painful process because its not compulsory that change get successful it can go either way. To confront the forces against that management or change organizations have to think about the cultural values and beliefs in order to survive in the changing world, though many scholars are agreed on that change cant be implemented by force. Many scholars have given different models of changing. Lewin (1952) was one the leading scholars who gave the model of change who gave the idea of unfreezing, moving and refreezing, Robert and Brown (1992) present change model which was adopted from Lewin(1952), Beyer ,Trice(1988) and Isabella(1990). He presented three mechanisms first is mechanism of freezing then mechanism of experimentation and third and last mechanism is refreezing. Schein (1985) also made a model of change management is based on the Lundberg (1985) model of life which represent development of an organiza tion and a range of methods of changing the culture. John .P Kotter (1996) give very good model of change in his famous book Leading Change which is call Kotters model of change, which is being widely use in many organizations to manage the change. He described eight stages of change in his model to explain the change in any organization. These steps are Steps for implementing change Establish sense of urgency Formation of powerful coalition Creating a strategy and Vision Communication of the vision Employee empowerment Creating short term wins Consolidate Gains and generate more change Anchoring new approaches in the organizational culture These are the eight steps made by the Kotter (1996) for the change in the organizations many companies fails to implement change or cant get the desired result they want to get from that cultural change these eight step will help any organization to help to manage change in the organization. Source: Kotter (1996) eight steps for leading change Above mentioned eight steps are being explained below Establish sense of urgency To make an important change effort it is essential to create a sense of urgency. It will help the whole organization to make the change happen and this may assist to get the initial motivation for the change. It is not easy to on very first step to convince people for the change. It is very important that people should realize the sense of urgency. In the beginning not many of the members of the staff will be willing to work for the change to make it change to happen most of your staff should work for the change in the organization otherwise it will be very hard to make change happen. This step should not be ignored. Before moving to the next level Organizations need to work really hard on this stage and will consume enough time and shouldnt be in rush to jump to next step before making and sense of urgency. Leader should know the difference in false urgency, true urgency and complacency. To make it happen organizations can take these steps: Identification of the possible thr eats which can take place in the future by presenting scenario. Tell everyone the real situation and talk about issues honestly in meetings. Force people to talk disappointed customers, stakeholder and suppliers. Show people the opportunities in future by promising to give reward to avail that opportunities. Formation of powerful coalition It is very important for the success of any change to put the right and powerful people together to guide the initiative of change. Leaders should be from the whole organization and you can ignore the hierarchy of the organization and should have substantial level of trust and accurate composition. There should be some managers and team leaders in the coalition. To form a power full coalition one should keep in mind people in the team must be on powerful position with expertise, credibility and good qualities of leadership amongst them. This team can help keep going the momentum of change by using its power to make it happen regardless of of different powers of inertia. How it can happen? Find the right people who can lead by identification of true leaders in the organization. This team must be committed emotionally. Coalition should work as team regardless of their positions. There should be mixture of people in the coalitions from different positions and department s. Creating a strategy and Vision For the creation of the vision and strategy of the organization it is important to tell people how the future will differ from the past. The vision should be clear that everyone could understand it easily and start working on the effort of the change. if the vision will be clear people will know the direction of change. Clear vision will help people to coordinate in their actions more quickly and in professional way. Vision must be easy to communicate should be flexible and focused. Show the logic to the people that how the vision can be achieved by making the strategy. Before making any vision organization should check the feasibility of the vision as well. Vision cant be created over night should give enough time to make vision. How can have effective vision To accomplish the vision should be strategy. Vision must contain the goal which is feasible and desirable. There should be flexibility in the vision if the condition changes. Vision must be easy to explain and communicate to the people. Communication of the vision Communication is very important for the change. Organizations must try to communicate its vision widely to as many as people they can so they can recognize and accept the vision. For the acceptance of change organization must use all the sources to communicate constantly about the vision and strategy. Communication massage must be strong then you normal routine massages it should have priority and should be discussed more and more in the meetings. Organization should use the different forums to communicate its visions. Communication about the vision should repeat again and again that people dont forget it. Everyone in the organization should have the knowledge about the vision from top to bottom and should act same as well. For the effective communication of the vision executives should make the meeting interesting rather than boring and should have more arrangement and suggestions about the vision. All new courses which organization will offer to its employees should have focus on vision. If the leader in the will act accordingly and they will show this the effect of this action will go in all the organization everyone will act the same To communicate the vision these things should keep in mind. Keep the communication simple without using jargon or babble Communication should be vivid, to do so give examples or use metaphor to understand that vision. Communication on multiple forums in formal and informal way is very important to spread the news about vision. There should not be one way communication it must be two way communications because it is always better to have two way communications. Leaders should have be consistency in their communication. Employee empowerment Employee empowerment plays a very important role in change. For the empowerment of employees all the barriers and obstacles should be removed by the organization so employee can perform at their best. Normally there can be four barriers which can come across in the change vision it can be , lack of needed skills structure, formal structure of the organization can make it hard to act , system of at personnel and information can make it complex to act upon it and if supervisors dont encourage the employees. Although it is very hard to finish all the barriers but for the successful implementation of the vision of the change it is good to change some of the systems which are really disempowering must be changed to get the vision right. Most effective changes can happen in restructure the appraisal and reward system for the reflection of the change vision. Removing the barriers will empower the employee and can lead to successful change. To empower the employee organization can do th ese things. There should be reward system in place for the employees who help to lead change then recognize and reward them. Try to change the organization structure to align with the vision of the change by reviewing you r reward system or appraisal system. There should be a quick and prompt action to remove the barriers. Try to identify people who are resisting to change coach them or guide them. Creating short term wins Short term wins are very necessary for the long term change in the organization and it is very important to create some evident and instantly recognizable success. It will motivate the people in the organization that change is working. Organization that creates this kind of win in early stages of the change, this is easy and more like to complete the transformation of the organization. These short term wins are proof sacrifice for the change has worth and this give boost in moral of the people who are working for the change. People who create the wins should get recognition and rewards for making the win happen. These wins will help to improve the performance and will make chance to have more wins. Organization should create the short term target not only a long term target because short term targets are easier to achieve as compare to long term goals. There is less chance of failure in short term targets though it can be hard for them to achieve them. Every short term win is sourc e of motivation for the people in the organization. It should be celebrated. These wins will create momentum and some neutral people will turn into people who support and people who are reluctant to support this win will turn them in to active helper. These wins will help the executives to recognize that change is working. How to get early wins Look for that projects which can launch easily and will have less criticism. Dont put an expensive project for the short term win may be you couldnt have enough money to support that project for short term win one should keep this thing in mind before starting any project. People who have helped to achieve the target organization should give them reward. There should be comprehensive analysis about the all the possible pros and cons of any goals because if you couldnt recognize them there is chance of failure which will effect whole change process. Consolidate Gains and generate more change At this level of change organizations should create new changes and strengthen its achievements. There can be resistance at this level from the people who have been undergrounded by the short term wins. They can come out again and will resist against this. Some of them will be against giving empowerment to employees and some of them will say why so much importance is being given to the customers. For the consolidation organization should launch a new product if you successfully launch it this means that change is working in the organization. After this point organization should keep looking for the more opportunities to improve. This is the time for the leaders in the organization to make sure everything is running smoothly are the organizational culture. At this stage of change they have to keep themselves positive otherwise it will be very problematic for them to cope with the world which is changing very quickly. It can be happed if Whenever there is a win organization sho uld do analysis that what was good about it and what went wrong. For the continuous achievement set the target to keep the momentum going. Recruit more people to help the change. There should be continuous effort to keep the urgency high. There should be continuous evidence that change is doing well. Give authority to employee to guide the projects. Anchoring new approaches in the organizational culture This is the time when it needs to make it stick and anchoring the new approaches. It will be part of your core values of the organization and it can be recognize by the day to day work. These values become part of your organization of the culture they should reflect in day to day practices of the organization and there should be constant attempts to keep it this way. It is necessary that leaders of the organization keep supporting the change if leaders fail to do so it can have bad effect on the change and organization might have to start from the beginning. Everyone who joins the company should be informed about the culture of the organization to keep it alive. It possible organization might lose some people during the change effort. Everyone should accept the change and follow it for the betterment and success of the cultural change for the long term bases. To keep this continue in the organization these practices should follow The success of the organization should be comm unicated in good manner and noticeable. There should be new rewards, promotion and incentive with the strengthening of new values and norms. Organization should give the recognition to the people who were included in coalition of change and all other people as well. Organization should reinforce the values and norm to the new hiring employees and whenever you train new staff. Â

Paralysis In James Joyces Dubliners - 1086 Words

Hopefully this Essay is Slightly More Intelligible than Finnegan’s Wake: Dubliners Essay â€Å"To be or not to be, that is the question.† Hamlet’s famous quotation implies only two solutions: to be, or to not be. However, there is another option that Shakespeare never explored: to remain paralyzed between the two states, unable to commit to either. James Joyce’s Dubliners is a collection of short stories first published in 1914, that follows the inhabitants of Ireland. Published nearly a half a century before the Republic of Ireland would be recognized as an independant country, many of Joyce’s short stories in Dubliners explore the theme of Irish paralysis, that Joyce found afflicted both the whole of Ireland and its individual citizens. Many†¦show more content†¦One of the key aspect of modernism was portraying the mundane and average in an honest (and often depressing) light, so it is unlikely Joyce would have made the choice to have a y oung narrator express himself in such an advanced and unusual way. Throughout the story, the narrator seems to have underlying animosity toward the event that took place. At the beginning of the story, the narrator describes how his evenings were spent, â€Å"When we met in the street the houses had grown sombre. The space of sky above us was the colour of ever-changing violet and towards it the lamps of the street lifted their feeble lanterns. The cold air stung us and we played till our bodies glowed† (19). Even when describing fun activities, like playing outside with neighbors, the narrator uses negative language. Typically, a memory about a failed childhood crush would be met with a shrug, but the narrator still has feelings of anger toward this event all these years later. This is because this story illustrates what was likely one of the the first instances of paralysis the narrator encountered in his life. The story has value because of the implications it has on the f uture of the narrator. The negative tone of the story reflects how the narrator still feels disgust toward this event many years later because it was the first in aShow MoreRelatedEssay on Male and Female Paralysis in James Joyces Dubliners3585 Words   |  15 PagesMale and Female Paralysis in Dubliners Critics widely recognized that each story within James Joyce’s Dubliners contains a theme of paralysis. In fact, Joyce himself wrote, â€Å"My intention was to write a chapter of the moral history of my country and I chose Dublin for the scene because that city seemed to me the centre of paralysis† (Joyce, letter to Grant Richards, 5 May 1906). 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Online Marketing - 993 Words

Business has captured this internet two decades ago. Many companies are playing as third party to connect sellers with buyers. Companies like Google, Amazon, Facebook, Yahoo, and etcetera are completely dependent on such kind of business. Basically, Internet marketing means marketing all over internet including via emails and wireless media. It includes technical and creative aspects internet, including design, development, advertising, and sales. All of this comes under umbrella of â€Å"Virtual World†. Virtual world is now a platform to make profits. There are many companies who are catering to the need of image management on virtual world. â€Å"Online Image Consultancy† is recent buzz word in the virtual world for companies/people who want to†¦show more content†¦It also generates website traffic. In addition, side bar ads either connect to the fan page or website link. Facebook is actually earning loads of money due to the side bar ads. Since, Facebook has all the information of customer include name, age, gender, likes and dislikes. Keeping the criteria of customer and target market of companies they connect sellers with buyers in an effective way. Not only this, if a video is actually good and funny or has some message, it actually gets viral on Facebook. Companies try to make such kind of videos to pass on the advertisements so that customers get to know about the product. Also, Facebook tagging and note making is getting popular these days. This means no company is now behind to capture the eyes of customer. In order your products to get popular; you can actually make complete social media marketing campaign to engage customers of your target market. YouTube and Flicker are playing their part on Social Media as well. These are the certain mediums on virtual world which can play vital role in the promotion of your products. These mediums can provide you enough popularity in the market. However, another medium in the market if it suits your product is Podcasting. It is an Internet based technologies have continued to improve and enhance our ability to communicate with one another globally, a transformation of the radio show form of media was destined to occur. The Internet worlds form ofShow MoreRelatedMarketing : Marketing And Online Marketing4541 Words   |  19 Pages†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1 1. Marketing and Online Marketing †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2 1.1 Marketing Definition †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2 1.2 Online Marketing Definition †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2 2. Online Marketing Tools †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4 2.1 Search Engine †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4 2.2 E-communication †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 2.3 Social Media †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5 2.4 Apps and Mobile Devices †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 3. Application of Online Marketing in a HospitalityRead MoreThe Impact Of Marketing On Online Marketing Essay1138 Words   |  5 Pagesbrands and so on. The need for a six figure marketing budget to make social work is a misconception. In fact, small businesses are more likely to succeed with this kind of marketing as they get to interact with a niche audience and social metrics can be used to understand their reach. This is much better than paying heed to such misconceptions and including them in their marketing strategy or business modules. This media plays an important role in online marketing and is an ideal medium through which anRead MoreOnline Marketing Essay1100 Words   |  5 PagesThese days, businesses are going for different ways to promote their products. Before the inception of the Internet, businesses were trying to promote their products through conventional marketing strategies. But now the whole scenario has been changed dramatically. 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Development of Dance and Music in the Philippines free essay sample

Back then, the alphabet used was different and were similar to the Malay-Polynesian alphabet which we called Alabama. Written works however did not last long because the Spanish Friars burned them believing that they were works of the devil or that were stored because they were written in perishable materials like the barks of trees, dried leaves and bamboo cylinders. Those that survived are in oral form such as our folk songs. The Spaniards tried to prove that our ancestors were really fond of poetry, songs, stories, riddles and proverbs which we still enjoy until today and which serve to show descendants the true Filipino culture.Pre-Spanish literature is characterized by Legends, Folk tales, Epics, Folk Songs, and Epigrams/Riddles/Chants/Proverbs Sayings. Spar-shish period (1565-1872) At this regime, Philippine literature started to thrived at Governor-General Miguel Lopez De Legalizes reign. Due to three centuries of colonization, several changes were influenced by the Spaniards: 1. Alabama, the 1st Filipino alphabet, was changed to Roman alphabet 2. Basis of religious practices was the teaching of Christian Doctrine 3. Spanish language was infused with Filipino language 4.Assimilation of European legends traditions to our own 5. Translation of ancient literature to our dialects 6. Printing of Filipino grammar books 7. Periodicals gained a religious tone. The first books published were Nag Doctrine Christiana, Muenster Senora del Rosaries, Libra De Los Actuator Postmasters De Hombre, Nag Barilla at Josephus, The Passion, Urbana at Felines and Nag Mega Dalai Kay Maria. Several Literary compositions in this period were Rate y Reggae De la Language Tag by FRR. Balances De San Jose, Compendia De la Language Tag by FRR.Gasper De San Augustan and Vocabulary De la Language Tag by FRR. Pedro De San Buenaventura. Period of Enlightenment (1872-1898) After being passive under Spanish rule for 3 centuries, the Filipino spirit awakened when the 3 well known priests Gomez, Burros, Somoza ? were guillotined without enough evidence and the Spaniards werent able to strain the rebellion. The rebellion was divided in 2 efforts: The Propaganda Movement (1872-1896) and period of Active Revolution (1896-1898). The Propaganda Movement were leaded by intellectual middle-class people like our National Hero Dry.Jose Racial, Marcelo del Pillar, and Gracing Lopez Jean, and its members were Antonio Ulna, Marino Pence, Jose Ma. Panamanian, Pedro Pattern etc. The objectives of this movement were to seek reforms and changes for the liberation and equity of Filipinos through their literary works. The most famous works of these people that stirred the Filipinos were Noel Me Teenager, II Filibusterers, Mi Ultimo Adios, A La Juvenile Filipino, Paging As Attenuating Lap, La Sobering En Philippians, Nag Fray Bottom, En och Buena, Sober Filipinos, A Mi Madder, and Nag Lapping Tinnitus. However, the petitions made by the propaganda movement were ignored and fell on deaf ears that this action led to the revolution leaded by Andrea Boniface, Emilio Action, and Application Mamboing, whose members were Jose Palm, Poi Valuable, etc. Though its true that the group used weapons against the colonizers, they also contributed several literary works such as Pigtail as Attenuating Lap, Sartorial Eng Justinian, and As Banyan Filipino. American Regime (1898-1941 ) After the Spaniards were defeated, peace movements started as early as 1900. Filipinos started writing again and nationalism remains undisturbed.During this period, writers went into all forms of literature like news reporting, poetry, stories, plays, essays, novels, etc. Their writing clearly depicted patriotism and longing for independence. In addition, 3 group of writers were formed Spanish, Toga, and English. Though they differ in methods of reporting, they share the same ideas and spirit. The Spanish writers wrote on nationalism like in honoring Filipino heroes. Toga writers went on and on in their lamentations on the conditions Of the country and their attempts to arouse love for ones native tongue.English writers just imitated the themes and methods of the Americans. Also, this regime was divided into three periods. The First Period was of Re-orientation (1898-1910). Not much was produced during this period and was not much of literary worth. Writers were still adjusting from the idea of democracy freedom of ideas and speech, the new phraseology of English language and standards of English literary style. They had to learn direct expression conditioned by direct thinking, sentence constructions, sounds speech in English. They had to abandon sentimentality and floridly of language for the more direct and precise English language.Also, English becomes the official medium of instruction for all public schools. The Philippine Free Press was founded in 1905 and College Folio begun its publication. The Second Period was of Imitations (1910-1924). The UP College Folio was the pioneers in short English story and poetry writing. They were more into imitating American and British oodles which resulted in a stiff, synthetic and unnatural style, lacking vigor and naturalness. Writers of this folio included Fernando Miramar, Juan F. Salary, Jose M. Hernandez, Vaccine del Iffier, Francisco Autonomous, Maxima Kali, Vidal A. Tan, Francisco M. Africa, and Victorian Yeoman.In addition, the Philippine Herald began its publication in 1920. The Third Period was of Self-Discovery and Growth (1925-1941 By this time, Filipino writers had acquired the mastery of English writing. They now confidently and completely wrote on a lot of subjects although the old-time favorites of love and youth persisted. They also went into all forms of writing like the novel and drama. Furthermore, Philippine Book Guild and Philippine Writers ague was organized and the 1st Commonwealth Literary awards were given. Japanese period (1941-1945) The progression of Philippine literature halted during the Japanese invasion.All newspapers except for Tribune and the Philippine Review were stopped. Because of the strict prohibitions in English writing by the invaders, Toga literature experienced renewed attention. Even the weekly Alleyway was placed under strict supervision until it was managed by Japanese man named Ashier. In other words, Toga literature was given a break during this period. Many wrote plays (but dramas became lull and were simply translated versions of English plays), poems (3 types arise: Haiku, Tanana, and Garaging Annoy), short stories (its field expanded), etc. Topics and themes were often about life in the provinces.Philippine Literature in English experienced a dark period and those who dared to write did for propaganda. Writings that came out during this period were journalistic in nature and what literary output there was hardly negligible. Writers felt chained but slowly the permit of nationalism returned. While some continued to write, others waited for a better time to publish their works. Rebirth of Freedom (1946-1970) Writers had learned to express themselves more confidently but post-war problems beyond language and print-like economic stability, the threat of new ideas, and mortality had to be handled well together.There was proliferation of newspapers and it proved that there were more readers in English than vernaculars. Journalist became more radical. And as normality was restored, the tones and themes of writings turned to the less pressing problems of economic survival. Those who went abroad came back to publish their written works. It was noted that not all published books focused on war years but were simply compilations and second editions of what had been written before. Here are some works of this period: The Voice of the Veteran Twilight in Tokyo Passion Death of the SAFE For Freedom and Democracy Betrayal in the Philippines Seven Hills Away Most poems dealt with the usual love of nature and social political problems. Novel Short Stories became longer. Toga Literature was resurrected and mostly focused during the occupation of Japanese brutality, poverty, exploits, etc. Several literary-related organizations were formed and literary awards were launched I. E. The Planck Awards period of Activism (1970-1972) The patriotic youths became active and ask for changes in the government.They believe that the system is okay but the stationed people are not. But because of this, several of them were imprisoned along with other rebel writers. They truly were heroes. Many books aptly record and embody these times but many of these are not known to many and many of these writers still have to be interviewed. These led to the declaration of Martial Law in 1972. Campus newspapers were malodorous of rebellious emotions. They attacked the ills of society and politics. Any establishment became the symbol of the ills that had to be changed. Frustrations of youths were felt in churches and schools.Even those with authority who should be respected were thought to be hindrances to the changes sought by youths hence, they were targeted. The literature of the activist reached a point where they stated boldly what should be done to effect these changes. Some of theses who rallied to this revolutionary form of literature were Rolando Toni, Region Manganese, Free Abuse, ROI Alma, and Clement Battista. The forms of literature that led during this period were the essays, debates and poetry. The short stories, novels and plays were no different in style from those written before the onset Of activism.Some Of these were I Married a Newspaperman by Maria Ulna Lopez, The Modern Filipino Short Story by Patricia Enameled Cruz, Cross Currents in Afro-Asian Literature by Rustics D. Carpi, Brief Time to Love by Offline F. Almanac, and Medium Rare and Tell the People by Julie Yap Daze period of New society (1972-1981 ) Bilingual education which was initiated by the Board of National Education as early as 1 958 and continued up to the period of Martial Rule in September 1972, resulted in the deterioration of English in the different levels of education.The focus of education and culture were on problems of national identity, on re-orientation, renewed vigor and a firm resolve to carve to carry out plans and programs. The forms of literature that led during this period were the essays, debates and poetry. The short stories, like the novels and plays were no different in style from those written before the onset of activism. Books entitled The Modern Filipino Short Story(Patricia Enameled Cruz) and Brief Time to Love Offline Limbic) came out during this epoch. Erred Of The Third Republic (1981-1985) After the Martial Rule was lifted, people still seethed with rebel lion and protest from the previous oppression and suppression. Just because the rule was lifted, it doesnt mean people will be peaceful. The anger and hatred felt didnt dissipate immediately. It was even infrared when the late Benign S. Aquinas Jar. Was assassinated. The peoples idol and hope brutally murdered, who wouldnt feel mad? The aftermath was chaotic yet ironically, the people united and somehow brought change to our country.Such event was considered one of the major turning points in History. It should be noted that Philippine Literature retained its luster inspire of the numerous limitations. Also, the Planck Awards continued whether on time or delayed. Contemporary Period (1986) Finally, freedom became a reality won through peaceful, bloodless and God, blessed revolution. Through everyones effort, independence was blessed to them, true Republic of the Philippines. Several changes in literature during this period was evident: On Newspapers: buddy newspaper became opposition papers overnight (I. E.Bulletin Today The Inquirer) and enjoyed an overnight increase in circulation. Being free of restrictions, columnists became vocal and a bumper crop of young journalist emerged. The old stalwarts of the former dispensation came back with retaliation. Excluding tabloids, 19 local dailies, both English Toga, were in circulation by June 1986. On Books: Experiences during the Martial Law was documented and Philippine Literature is still progressing. Books that carry print and visual events of what occurred during the February Revolution were People Power (by Ammonia M. A. Mercado J. B.Router) and Banyan OK (Verities Publication Communications Foundation). Literary awards were continuously given like the National Book Awards in which in that period, Marjorie Persia (Daydreamers Selected Poems) and Dianna L. Eugenia (Await as Corridor: Philippine Metrical Romances) were awarded according to the choices made by the Manila Critics Circle. Also, Bookmark Manila 88 by Philippine Exhibit Company was held with the belief that requisition of knowledge not only enhances individual skills capabilities but more importantly, makes positive contributions to the nations development program.The flowering of Philippine literature in the various language continues as Filipino writers continue to write whether these are socially committed, gender/ethnic related or in personal intention. They became more conscious of their art with the proliferation of writers workshops here and abroad and the bulk of literature available to him via mass media including internet. With various literary awards, writers were encouraged to compete with peers and hope that their creative efforts will bore them rewards.With the new requirement by the SHED of teaching of Philippine Literature in all tertiary schools in the country emphasizing the caching of vernacular literature or literatures of the regions, the audience for Filipino writers is virtually assured. And, perhaps, a national literature finding its niche among the literatures of the world will not be far behind. Development of Philippine Music The Filipinos are a musical nation is a fact. Their beautiful sentimental music is the result of their reaction to their physical and emotional environment.However, the Filipinos do not have sufficient authentic records of their forefathers invaluable writings because these were destroyed by con errors or accidentally lost through carelessness or ignorance. Also, one cannot tell exactly the characteristics of certain epochs of Philippine music because music may d evelop continuously over different periods of history regardless of historic circus instances. As musical people, Filipinos have a particular brand of music for every occasion. Our ascendants had their own collection of songs, dances, and instruments which exemplified their religious and social life.Songs of our ancestors were more of recitative but the melody exudes customs, traditions, and aspirations Of the people. Many Of these songs were sung by non- Christian tribes. Early Filipinos had songs for the various activities. According to Canonical and Aside, early Filipinos had: 1 . Ordinary songs (Dianna, tailwind) 2. Street songs (undulating, Juliann) 3. Sorrow (dalai, umbra) 4. Wedding (Inman) 5. Rowing (dissipating, clausal) 6. Lullaby (hell, hill, away, away) 7. Success (baling-skunking, deadpanning, Hillman, combination, datagram) 8. House (tinged) 9. General merrymaking (kali) 10.Counting (Uruguay) Several Instruments: 1) String a) Bucket/quitting/bigwigs Visalia guitar made from coconut shell b) Butting/geranium bamboo ties with hemps or banana fibers c) Kidnap/ tapir/haggling two-strip engaged elongated lute d) Lit bamboo violin e) Pas-inning/gulling/panting bamboo guitar f) Kara guitar used by Kara people in east coast of Mindanao g) Geranium bamboo bow h) Boonton violin/hogging/akin/sawdust/Armstrong I) Angrier violin 2) Wind a) Banks/Gleaned/Palatal four-hole made of mountain cane b) Tulsa/total flute with one hole for mouth and six holes for fingers c) Eyeballing/baling/ kipping nose flute d) Natty/subbing clarinet e) Sunday bamboo flute with coconut leaf trumpet attached to the lower end f) Papayas water whistle ) Pastor ? toy instrument made of leaf of the coconut or nip for small horn(turbot) h) Did-ideas pipe instrument I) Tambala ? trumpet made from horn 3) Percussion a) Saluting most primitive percussi on instrument still used b) Bank/bill bamboo musical instrument c) Sullies hollow wooden drum; rhythm instrument to mark the times of the dance d) Tug ? drum e) Luda drum f) Unguent drum g) Gangs kind of bronze gong h) Agglutinating set of graduated melody gongs extensively used I) Ganging ? 4 big narrow-lidded gongs j) Bandier single bronze gong k) Gabbing native xylophone used in Sulk ) Subbing Jews harp Spanish Period (1521-1898) Spaniards not only brought their own culture but also European influence which marked the beginning of the cultivation of music as a fine art in the Philippines. The Educational Decree of 1 863 was implemented and it provided for formal education for teachers where vocal music was one of the subjects to be taught. Because of this, Sacred Music was given importance because Christianity was the main goal of Spanish Colonization. Songs: a. Tactually is a melody depicting grief.It is best adapted to the reading/ singing of the Passion of our Lord dur ing the Holy Week. It is also sung in monotone. B. Palominos is a Song Of the blind asking for alms c. Augmenting is the oldest and most popular song among Christian Filipinos. It is a nocturnal song sung to the accompaniment of the violin/guitar. It expresses the history, character and tradition of the people. D. Await is a recitative written in 3/4 time and in minor key. It is set freely to verses about Philippine legendary hero. E. Ballista is a Visalia folksong with is a dance and song though mostly sung. It is dived into 2 classes: Baling Mayor (derived from the graceful French slow waltz) and Ballista Minor (characteristically a Visalia love song). F.Kinsman comes from the words Gung Hindi man. It is a Toga love song whose rhythmic figure is derived from the lively Spanish bolero a typical 3/4 waltz. Also, it is the favorite of serenades. Games: Duple is an impromptu competition in which the loser recites a poem, a sort of entertainment to console the relatives of the deceased. Philippine Folk Dances: There are more than 1 75 folk dances in the Philippine which have remained unchanged through the years. Because Filipinos enjoyed European dances particularly fandango, curaà §ao, tango, separated and the stately rigatoni, mom of these folk dances were modified to meet the need for change as modernization demands.These dances reflect almost all aspects of the peoples lives: religious, occupational, entertainment, recreational, courtship, marriage, baptism and even war. According to Mrs. . Lucre Lustful, Philippine indigenous music can be divided into three distinct groups: The Randall The instruments of Muslim Filipinos (assortment of brass instruments) The instruments of the mountain region tribes (I. E. Gong flute, drums) Early Philippine Theatre: There were various native stage presentations Filipinos enjoyed during the Spanish period. The most popular vernacular presentations were the moor- moor, carillon and Surreal. During occasions of town fiestas, performers used provisional stage of nip and bamboo. Later, huge theatre bodegas with pyramidal roofs such as those seen over cockpits appeared. The Moor-moor depicts the battle between Christians Muslims, the adaptations of legends about knight-errants princesses, the triumphant entry/exit of the conqueror and the downfall of the vanquished accompanied by Spanish music. The Carillon is a shadow play using puppets made from cardboard skillfully manipulated by a narrator behind the screen. The themes are usually derived from the libretto from Don Quixote, Bubby Eng Mall an Pinioning Histories and Don Juan Tenor. The Surreal are improvised plots by comedians using comic, tragic, fantastic, melodramatic, or a combination of all. It does not have a definite form. Singing was free and imaginative. Performers make extemporaneous comments. At times, the audience swapped comments with the artists. It is said that Surreal originated from Pangaea hence, they are the best.Before the birth of talkies and television, reseals used to be the most popular form of entertainment especially during the barrio fiesta. The Bamboo Organ of Lass Paisa: The man who conceived the idea of building the bamboo organ was a young Spanish priest of the Augustine Recollect order, FRR. Diego Care deal Virgin del Carmen. Due to low funds, he along with the village craftsmen created the Bamboo Organ and was credited for it. The organ has undergone repairs in several years. It is the oldest and most unique musical instrument for its durability is unsurpassed for having lasted more than 160 years compared to most organs of only 15 years.American Period (1898-1941 ) The first known law affecting the Philippine Public School System was Article 74 of the Philippine commission which provided formal training for teachers. The American Educational systems have greatly influenced the Philippine system of musical education with the treatment of music as part of a broad pattern of liberal education. American textbooks and song books were used. The radio, phonograph, and movies helped disseminate world culture. American singing through jazz invaded the country. Nevertheless, the spirit of nationalism triggered by the Spanish revolution, pushed Filipino composers o use the native folk songs for their thematic materials. With the establishment of conservatories (school for special instruction in music), formal education in music started.Under a program of specialization was the training program for professionals which produced music specialist such as performer, composer, transcriber, conductor, researcher, musicologist, arranger, theorist, essayist, and critic. Philippine Opera: It was believed that Philippine Opera evolved from the Surreal. And because of the various opera companies engaged in the production of Surreal, Manila was dubbed Italy of the Orient Japanese Occupation Period (1942-1945) This was the darkest epoch in the history of the Philippines. The Japanese wanted only Oriental ways for the people. This gave the Filipinos no other choice but to revert to their traditional ways of entertainment ? opera, musical plays and drama although a few appreciated Japanese music. Post Liberation Period (1945-1946) The Filipino is a lover of music. Music is as important as the air he breaths.He finds adequate expression of his feelings through singing, moving, creating, playing an instrument, and just listening. The reawakening of interest in diversified forms of culture is manifested in the proliferation of ensembles, vocal and instrumental not only in schools but also in churches, government and private offices, communities and within the family. Not only the gifted in institutions get involved but even the out of school youth has his share of participation. The peoples patrimony of the country caused the use of native instruments through Randall, a favorite performing string ensemble in all public schools, private institutions, government offices, and other musically interested groups.